Estrategias de trad

Las siguientes estrategias de traducción corresponden a las postuladas por Dalbernet y Vinay (1995):

- El préstamo es la adopción en la lengua meta de un vocablo de la lengua de origen, en su forma original o asimilada a los elementos de la grafía de la lengua que lo adopta.

- El calco consiste en la imitación del esquema formal de la palabra o del orden sintáctico del texto original y en la adopción del significado connotativo de tal palabra (o compuesto) en la lengua meta.

- La traducción literal consiste en traducir palabra por palabra y se emplea siempre que la lengua de origen y la lengua meta coincidan exactamente.

- La transposición es un método que consiste en substituir una parte del discurso por otra sin cambiar el sentido del mensaje. Es la substitución de una unidad gramatical por otra, se desplazan las palabras en el periodo y se altera el orden normal.

- La modulación es una mutación del punto de vista, análogo como procedimiento a los eufemismos del tipo “poco inteligente” por “tonto”. Se traduce el mensaje, pero bajo un diferente punto de vista.

- La equivalencia consiste en reemplazar una realidad existente en el área del texto original por una realidad existente en el área del texto de traducción. En este caso resultan muy útiles los diccionarios especializados.

- La adaptación es una paráfrasis, una adaptación libre del significado de una frase y el último recurso de un traductor.

Las siguientes estrategias de traducción corresponden a las postuladas por Newmark en su libro “Approaches to Translation” (Newmark, 1988):

- Traducción palabra por palabra: es aquella en que el orden de la lengua fuente se mantiene y las palabras se traducen por separado según su significado más común, fuera de contexto.

- Traducción literal: es aquella en la cual las construcciones gramaticales de la lengua fuente se traspasan al equivalente más cercano de la lengua meta, pero, nuevamente, las palabras se traducen por separado según su significado más común, fuera de contexto.

- Traducción fiel: es aquella que intenta reproducir el significado contextual preciso del original dentro de las limitaciones de las estructuras gramaticales del texto meta.

- Traducción semántica: es aquella que difiere de la ‘traducción fiel’ solo en cuanto al valor que se le debe dar a la estética del texto fuente.

- Adaptación: es la forma más libre de traducción y es usada comúnmente en obras teatrales (comedia) y poesía; generalmente se mantienen los temas, personajes y trama, la cultura del texto fuente se transforma en la cultura del texto meta y el texto se rescribe.

- Traducción libre: es aquella en que el texto meta se produce sin tomar en cuenta el estilo, forma o contenido del texto original.

- Traducción idiomática: es aquella que reproduce el mensaje del original, pero tiende a distorsionar los matices del significado al preferir formas coloquiales y expresiones idiomáticas que no existen en el texto original.

- Traducción comunicativa: es aquella que intenta mantener el significado contextual exacto del texto original de forma que los lectores acepten y comprendan con facilidad la lengua y el contenido del texto meta.

Por último, la siguientes son las estrategias de traducción postuladas por Mona Baker en su libro “In other words” (Baker, 1992):

- La traducción por una palabra más general es una de las más comunes para manejar los distintos tipos de no equivalencia, específicamente en el ámbito del significado proposicional. Se basa en que la estructura jerárquica del campo semántico no es exclusiva de un idioma y por esto funciona en la mayoría de los idiomas.

- La traducción por una palabra más neutral o menos expresiva se explica a través de un ejemplo: Al traducir mumble del inglés al italiano lo lógico sería traducirlo como mugugnare, pues ambas significan balbucear. Sin embargo mugugnare connota insatisfacción y, por otro lado, mumble connota vergüenza o confusión, por esto es más recomendable traducir mumble como suggerire, que es una palabra más general, con el fin de evitar confusiones.

- La traducción por sustitución cultural es una estrategia que involucra el reemplazo de una unidad exclusiva de una cultura con una unidad de la lengua meta que no posee el mismo significado proposicional, pero lo más probable es que tenga un impacto similar en el lector. La ventaja de esta estrategia es que da al receptor un concepto con el cual se puede identificar, algo familiar y atractivo.

- La utilización de préstamos, con o sin explicación, es bastante común cuando se trata de palabras específicas a una cultura, conceptos modernos o jerga. Agregar una explicación después de la palabra prestada es útil cuando esta se repite numerosas veces en el texto. Una vez que esta se ha explicado, puede utilizarse sola, pues el lector podrá entenderla sin la necesidad de distraerse con más explicaciones.

- Traducir a través de paráfrasis utilizando una palabra relacionada es la estrategia usada comúnmente cuando el concepto expresado por el emisor es lexicalizado en la lengua meta pero de una manera distinta y también cuando la frecuencia con la que se repite una palabra en el texto original es mayor a lo que sería considerado natural en la lengua meta.

- La traducción por paráfrasis utilizando una palabra no relacionada se utiliza cuando no existe una palabra en la lengua meta para expresar el concepto de la palabra original. En vez de utilizar una palabra relacionada, la paráfrasis puede basarse en la modificación de una palabra de orden superior o simplemente desenvolviendo el significado del concepto original, particularmente si la unidad en cuestión es semánticamente compleja.

- La omisión puede parecer una estrategia drástica pero en realidad no es dañino omitir la traducción de una palabra o frase en algunos contextos. Si el significado de alguna unidad no es lo suficientemente vital para el desarrollo del texto, entonces el traductor puede simplemente omitir la traducción de la unidad en cuestión con el fin de no distraer al lector con explicaciones muy largas.

- La traducción por ilustración es una opción útil cuando la palabra que no tiene equivalente en el idioma meta hace referencia a una entidad física que puede ser dibujada, sobre todo si se tienen restricciones en cuanto a espacio y el texto debe ser corto, conciso y preciso.

Duet With Myself

xq no puedo escribir canciones asi tan bknes como el D:???? WHY??? ;-;

Sometimes You Want To Forget What You Know, And Just Stop Thinking About It

Sometimes you wish you could forget what you know. Sometimes you just want to live the way people live in movies, the way you grew up thinking you’d live. Carefree, not worrying about the state of the planet but just worrying about which dress you’ll wear.

It was nice, wasn’t it? Easier in a way. Sometimes. Sometimes you wish you could just do what everyone else does, eat what everyone else does, and be who everyone else wants to be.

It’s not fair, is it? That you and I have been opened to this world where our actions have consequences, where the things we do have a long lasting effect on our children’s lives? That we pay more for food and basic things because we care? That it takes us longer to get to work than other people who drive? That we have to answer more questions from our children about why we do things differently? That we have a disconnect where sometimes we don’t quite fit into society?

It’s the same with everything we learn, though, isn’t it? When you learn a knew language, suddenly you can understand what people are saying next to you on the bus. And you can never go back to not understanding. When you learn a new skill, or take on a new job, or begin a new hobby, the world looks differently. Your knowledge changes and your world opens up and you can’t go back.

When I first stepped onto a film set, I learned how movies were made in such detail, that I have never watched movies the same way again. Whatever it is, when you find an Oz behind the curtain, good or bad, it’s always with you - you can’t un-know this fact.

We can’t go back. We can’t un-know that our actions mean something now, to our families – and later, to their families. But there is something beautiful about knowing, too, isn’t there? Knowing that we are connected to each other, to the world around us, to each species on the planet. And knowing that we can do something. Knowing that we are doing something. We’re changing the way we do things, and by example, we’re changing the way others do things. And so we show more people what is behind the curtain. And so we change the world.

Slowly, steadily, we move onward, enlightened. Even just a little more enlightened than the day before.

“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.” - Margaret Mead

“You are not here merely to make a living. You are here in order to enable the world to live more amply, with greater vision, with a finer spirit of hope and achievement. You are here to enrich the world, and you impoverish yourself if you forget the errand.” – Woodrow Wilson

While at times it is difficult, we press on. And we are not alone, we are living this life together.

Original: http://1greengeneration.elementsintime.com/?p=1250

In the Matrix, which pill would you take, the red or the blue?

The question of which pill to take illustrates the personal aspect of the decision to study philosophy. Do you live on in ignorance (and potentially bliss) or do you lead what Aristotle called 'the examined life'...

The Matrix is a film filled with religious and philosophical symbolism. The plot supposes that humans live in vats many years in the future, being fed false sensory information by a giant virtual reality computer (the Matrix). The perpetrators of this horror are machines of the future who use humans as a source of power. Humans are literally farmed.

The central character of the film, Neo, is presented to us in the opening part of the film as a loner who is searching for a mysterious character called Morpheus (named after the Greek god of dreams and sleep). He is also trying to discover the answer to the question "What is the Matrix?"

Morpheus contacts Neo just as the machines (posing as sinister 'agents') are trying to keep Neo from finding out any more. When Morpheus and Neo meet, Morpheus offers Neo two pills. The red pill will answer the question "what is the Matrix?" (by removing him from it) and the blue pill simply for life to carry on as before. As Neo reaches for the red pill Morpheus warns Neo "Remember, all I'm offering is the truth. Nothing more."

The film as a whole and especially the choosing scene is deeply compelling. Why is the choice between what you believe you know and an unknown 'real' truth so fascinating? How could a choice possibly be made? On the one hand everyone you love and everything that you have built you life upon. On the other the promise only of truth.

The question then is not about pills, but what they stand for in these circumstances. The question is asking us whether reality, truth, is worth pursuing. The blue pill will leave us as we are, in a life consisting of habit, of things we believe we know. We are comfortable, we do not need truth to live. The blue pill symbolizes commuting to work every day, or brushing your teeth.

The red pill is an unknown quantity. We are told that it can help us to find the truth. We don't know what that truth is, or even that the pill will help us to find it. The red pill symbolises risk, doubt and questioning. In order to answer the question, you can gamble your whole life and world on a reality you have never experienced.

However, in order to investigate which course of action to take we need to investigate why the choice is faced. Why should we even have to decide whether to pursue truth?

The answer in short, is inquisitiveness. Many people throughout human existence have questioned and enquired. Most of them have not been scientists or doctors or philosophers, but simply ordinary people asking 'what if?' or 'why?' Asking these questions ultimately leads us to a choice. Do you continue to ask and investigate, or do you stop and never ask again? This in essence, is the question posed to Neo in the film.

So what are the advantages of taking the blue pill? As one of the characters in the film says, "ignorance is bliss" Essentially, if the truth is unknown, or you believe that you know the truth, what is there to question or worry about?

By accepting what we are told and experience life can be easier. There is the social pressure to 'fit in', which is immensely strong in most cultures. Questioning the status quo carries the danger of ostracism, possibly persecution. This aspect has a strong link with politics. People doing well under the current system are not inclined to look favourably on those who question the system. Morpheus says to Neo "You have to understand that many people are not ready to be unplugged, and many of them are so inured, so hopelessly dependent on the system that they will fight to protect it."

The system also has a place for you, an expected path to follow. This removes much of the doubt and discomfort experienced by a trailblazer.

Another argument on the side of the blue pill is how does anyone know that the status quo is not in fact the truth? The act of simply questioning does not infer a lack of validity on the questioned. Why not assume that your experience is innocent until proven guilty? Just accept everything?

So if the arguments for the blue pill are so numerous, why take the red pill? Why pursue truth even though it may be unpalatable and the journey to it hard? In the film, Neo risks death to escape the virtual reality and discovers a brutal reality from which he cannot return. As he discovers the trouble with asking questions is that the answers are not necessarily what you want to hear.

Given the potential disadvantages of choosing the red pill, the motivation for discovering the truth must then be very strong. The film makes much of this point. Trinity says to Neo "It's the question that drives us, Neo." and Morpheus compares the motivation for Neo's search to "a splinter in your mind - driving you mad." The motivation for answering the question is obviously strong as the answer will help us to find the meaning in our lives.

What we are looking at here is the drive to answer a question, but the key to this is what drove the question in the first place. The asking of questions about our environment our experience and ourselves is fundamental to the human condition. Children ask a seemingly never-ending stream of questions from an early age. It is only with education and socialisation that some people stop asking these questions. However, we remain, as it were, hard-wired to enquire.

This is an inevitable consequence of consciousness. A being with a mind, conscious of itself and its existence, experiencing a reality, needs to organise the data that it receives from its senses. Simply observing and recording does not allow for consciousness. It is what we do with that information that allows us to think. In order to process and store the vast amount of information received, the human brain attempts to identify patterns in the data; looking for the patterns behind what is experienced. This is asking questions of the sensory information, and requires reasoning. By definition a conscious mind seeks to know. Knowing something requires more than just data, but intelligence or reasoning applied to that data. To attempt to obtain knowledge we must therefore question the data our mind receives; thus, consciousness questions.

So the metaphor of the journey to truth that Neo takes is complete. The journey starts with a question, there is a search for the answer and the answer may be reached. This shows us that the journey does not start with Neo choosing between the pills, or with ourselves deciding whether to question. The act of asking the question is itself the starting point as the aim of asking the question is to seek truth and knowledge.

We have established that consciousness is aware and seeks knowledge and that thus the conscious mind must question. To question is to seek the truth and start on the journey to knowledge. Therefore the choice between the pills is surely made for us. The fact that we are conscious appears to require us to take the red pill.

However, this can be simply countered by someone who would prefer to take the blue pill. They may wish to seek the truth in a different way, or in a less mind jarring set of circumstances. They can choose the blue pill and not deny their consciousness, but to stop seeking the truth entirely would be to deny their consciousness.

Thus we are philosophically driven to seek the truth and the act of questioning whether to seek it is in itself seeking the truth. As conscious minds we will always seek the truth. However, the choice over the red or blue pills is not solely a choice between whether to question or not, it is a personal choice on the method of discovering the truth.

Author: Dave Droar

Tutor: Oliver McAdoo MA

Original: http://www.arrod.co.uk/essays/matrix.php